1/2010 - Obsah čísla

The effect of extensive building construction on outflow conditions and agricultural lands adjacent to highway infrastructure

Mojmír Soukup, Marek Nechvátal, Ivan Novotný, Jana Banýrová

Abstract

The current construction of superhighways and other transportation communications is accompanied by a massive build up of box warehouses and logistical parks. This activity has been carried out by both local and international investors. These construction projects are, by enlarge, situated in newly established business or industrial zones and although they do support and fit into the economic development, including the niche of the merchandise supply chain, they do cause damage to the culture of the countryside. Due to the changes in the land zoning of individual communities that are affected by this construction activity, the very same communities have been losing tens of hectares of very good quality fertile and well situated land. The VÚMOP study demonstrates this evolvement at three specifically selected locations (sub-basins) situated in the Central Bohemian Region.

The curve graph CN (curve number) method had been used to evaluate the outflows. Further evaluations done: the loss of the agricultural land, the changes in the makeup of the landscape character and the permeability of the soils. The results of the studies document very well the changes to the outflow within the particular parts of the watershed. The acceleration of the surface outflow that accompanies the construction development is quite dangerous, especially during the periods of higher than normal precipitation, presenting increased flood risks. There is no precedent for this type of situation anywhere in the Bohemian countryside. This construction build-up with its destruction of the long established proportions disturbs the structure of the countryside and alters the landscape character. The study also evaluates the influence of this construction development on the expropriation of agricultural lands.

Key words:

Countryside character Industrial and business zones, outflow, utilisation of the watershed.

original scientific work

Antierosion Protection of Forest Road Formation Slopes and the Support of their Aesthetic Inclusion in the Forest Ecosystem with the Use of Mycorrhizal Biopreparations

Petr Hrůza, Miroslav Kravka

Abstract

Nowadays, the construction of a forest road network is often presented as having a negative impact on the forest ecosystem and therefore it is also often accompanied by protests from the lay public. That is probably, among others, caused by the fact that little emphasis is placed on the post construction work and the inclusion of the construction in the landscape. Prompt and good quality amenity planting on a forest road formation can prevent water erosion of cut and fill slopes and contribute to a better perception of the finished construction by the public. Our experiment was conducted on a newly built forest hauling road to compare the effect of water erosion on a road formation continuously scarified, left for natural succession, sowed with grass seeds, and sowed with grass seeds with various amounts of mycorrhizal biopreparations. To simulate rain on the model areas a device of Kamphorst type was used and the effects of the rainfall on the surface runoff conditions were monitored, i.e. the degree and the speed of the runoff from individual areas, and the weight and texture composition of the sediment. Further, the dynamics of biomass growth was studied. The results clearly confirm the protective effect of the vegetation cover against water erosion. The speed of vegetation cover creation and its volume were raised by means of mycorrhizal biopreparations, which was mainly reflected in the improvement of runoff conditions as the time in which the surface runoff reaches the ending profile became diversified. We can conclude that the application of mycorrhizal preparations contributes to a fast and quality grassing, which leads to the reduction of erosion in the forest environment and also brings a positive aesthetic effect.

Keywords: Cut slope, forest road, grassing, mycorrhiza, runoff, soil erosion

original scientific work

Forest road network:

Review of the evaluation and optimization

Hana Trtílková, Petr Hrůza

Abstract

This paper is a review of the evaluation and optimization of the forest road network. From a historical point of view, forest roads were constructed to make forests accessible for the purpose of local timber harvest. Only later, the economic view of timber harvest profit versus forest road constructional costs found its way into considerations and the constructions were optimized accordingly. As the knowledge and the science of forest road network designing develop, also the negative impact of forest road construction on the environment is considered and the ways for forest road network designing with minimal negative consequences are searched for. This review presents a general insight into the issue and shows the current direction of the development of the forest road network complex optimization as a part of sustainable forest management.

Key words:

Forest road network, optimization of skidding, evaluation

original scientific work

The future of wood for engineering structures in the landscape

Pavla Kotásková

Abstract

The paper is aimed at the use of wood and its lifetime at engineering structures, which are to increase attractiveness and the recreation use of the landscape environment. Properties of wood are mentioned, which affect the selection of tree species for constructions in the exterior. General recommendations are also recommended of the sufficient structural protection for wood members and structures making possible to eliminate the chemical protection of wood. With respect to a fact that in some cases the structural protection to ensure the sufficient reliability and durability of structural members of wood appears to be insufficient attention is also paid to the chemical protection of wooden members.

Keywords:

Chemical protection of wood, lifetime natural durability, structural protection, wood

original scientific work

Hiking in the National Nature Reserve Prielom Hornádu:

Stressor of Forest Communities in the Slovenský raj National Park

Gita Jančová

Abstract

The paper reviews the assessement of a hiking trail leading through the National Nature Reserve Prielom Hornádu in the Slovak Paradise National Park. The condition of hiking trail and visitation impacts on surrounding forest communities were assessed using a set of indicators such as trail’s surface quality, width and a degree of negative visitation impact in its vicinity. From the total of 6 762 m of the trail 19 % fell in Category A (trail in a very good condition without significant damage on and around the trail), 42 % in Category B (moderately damaged trail) and 39 % in Category C (severely damaged trail) of the applied scale. A number of measures have been drafted to prevent and remove adverse impacts of recreational activities on park resources and its natural values.

Keywords:

Biota impact; Corrective measures; Hiking trails; Impact elimination; Surface destruction.

original scientific work

Recreation Potential for Static and Dynamic Recreation in the Protected Landscape Area Biele Karpaty

Dagmar Sláviková

Abstract

The capacity of particular landscape for recreational use is determined by natural and socioeconomic conditions and the attractiveness of landscape features. The assessment of particular area with respect to its recreation potential should incorporate both the aspect of suitability and aspect of load carrying capacity. The former can be described by recreation potential, the latter by recreation effect. Comprehensive review of recreational value of a particular area should also include an analysis of athrophic impacts of recreation on particular landscape elements.

The Protected Landscape Area Biele Karpaty possesses high recreational capacity for static recreation (huts, weekend cottages, second homes) and majority of summer forms of dynamic recreation. Cottage recreation is closely associated with a traditional dispersed settlement of the researched area. The original settlers have often migrated closer to urban areas and their farmsteads have gained a secondary use. The abandonment of traditional upkeep of the area has been reflected in changes of landscape structure and its perception. The most common dynamic forms of local recreation include walking, hiking, cycling, and forest berry picking. These forms of outdoor sporting activities and pursuits put pressure on the environment and to a various degree disturb particular components of local landscape.

Keywords:

Dynamic recreation; Recreation opportunities; Static recreation.

original scientific work

Trail Riding as a Negative Environmental Phenomenon?

Gabriela Čáslavská, Jitka Fialová

Abstract

Trail riding is a form of leisure activity which uses a horse as a companion or as a means of transport for trails. It has become highly popular recently as a sort of active spending of leisure time. However, as the number of horses and riders is rising, also the number of accidents or conflicts among groups of riders and also with owners and users of lands is increasing. This paper summarizes the current status and the issue of trail riding in general in the forests of the Czech Republic.

Key words:

Forest, horse, recreation, recreational riding, riding trail, trail riding

original scientific work

Innovations in recreational services from the viewpoint of forest enterprises

Zuzana Sarvašová

Abstract

Recreational services bring new possibilities of income for rural areas. The paper describes the tasks of individual stakeholders in innovation process and forms of their cooperation on the basis of 3 case studies from Slovakia, where forestry subjects are key stakeholders. The studies illustrate successful examples of recreational services implementation that are provided by State forests of TANAP that offer barrier free trails for a broad public, on the territory of the state enterprise Lesy SR where they implement the project Forestry Open-Air Museum. This project connects recreation, education and PR activities. Another project is of non-state forest enterprise of the Urbarium Veľký Klíž that uses local resources for tourism development in own forests.

Main methods of case study are analysis of documents and standardized interview. The aim of the work is to identify stakeholders, and supportive as well as impeding factors of cooperation in recreational services from the viewpoint of forest enterprises.

The results demonstrate significant role of inter-sectoral cooperation and of supportive measures of rural development and regional development policies.

Key words:

case study, co-operation, multiple use of forests, recreational services, stakeholders

original scientific work

Use of Accompanying Vegetation on Waterways

Miloslav Šlezingr

Abstract

In relation to stream regulation, linear building along water streams etc., a lack of riparian and accompanying stands started to manifest negatively.

We can say that only once it decreases, will we start to realize its indispensability in our landscape. The following paragraphs deal with the basic functions of bankside trees and shrubs.

Key words:

Bank stabilization, landscape, stream regulation, vegetation

original scientific work

Natural processes of the self purification in rivers

Miloslav Šlezingr, Martina Zeleňáková

Abstract

The processes of the self purification in rivers are effected by numerous of the well known or unknown factors.

The influences of some of these parameters are significant (e.g. stream meanders, the real length of the wetted perimeter in cross section of the river, water stream aeration, etc.). The influence of some other factors is obvious but it is quite complex to quantify them (e.g. water temperature, nature of sediment, impact of bank vegetation, etc.).

The article deals with proposal of the quantification of the selected factors impact on the rate and the success of the self purification process in river. The dependency of the stream length to the parameters which ensure the natural self purification has been stated after data processing from results of the long term monitoring and assessment of the fieldworks. The stream length on which the water quality will change from the fourth class of the purity to the third class according [5] is considered.

Key words:

Bank, flow, pollution, water quality, water stream

original scientific work